{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/parsing-with-traces-an-on4-algorithm-and-a-1","title":"Parsing with Traces: An $O(n^4)$ Algorithm and a Structural Representation","arxiv_id":"1707.04221","date":"2017-07-13","proceeding":null,"authors":["Jonathan K. Kummerfeld","Dan Klein"],"abstract":"General treebank analyses are graph structured, but parsers are typically\nrestricted to tree structures for efficiency and modeling reasons. We propose a\nnew representation and algorithm for a class of graph structures that is\nflexible enough to cover almost all treebank structures, while still admitting\nefficient learning and inference. In particular, we consider directed, acyclic,\none-endpoint-crossing graph structures, which cover most long-distance\ndislocation, shared argumentation, and similar tree-violating linguistic\nphenomena. We describe how to convert phrase structure parses, including\ntraces, to our new representation in a reversible manner. Our dynamic program\nuniquely decomposes structures, is sound and complete, and covers 97.3% of the\nPenn English Treebank. We also implement a proof-of-concept parser that\nrecovers a range of null elements and trace types.","url_abs":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1707.04221v1","url_pdf":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.04221v1.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"parsing-with-traces-an-on4-algorithm-and-a-1","repo_url":"https://github.com/jkkummerfeld/1ec-graph-parser","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"none","reach":null}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"constituency-parsing","task_name":"Constituency Parsing"},{"task_slug":"missing-elements","task_name":"Missing Elements"}],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":"https://syntology.ai/paper/1707.04221","atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=1707.04221","mcp":null,"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers"},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}