{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/output-diversified-initialization-for","title":"Diversity can be Transferred: Output Diversification for White- and Black-box Attacks","arxiv_id":"2003.06878","date":"2020-03-15","proceeding":"NeurIPS 2020 12","authors":["Yusuke Tashiro","Yang song","Stefano Ermon"],"abstract":"Adversarial attacks often involve random perturbations of the inputs drawn from uniform or Gaussian distributions, e.g., to initialize optimization-based white-box attacks or generate update directions in black-box attacks. These simple perturbations, however, could be sub-optimal as they are agnostic to the model being attacked. To improve the efficiency of these attacks, we propose Output Diversified Sampling (ODS), a novel sampling strategy that attempts to maximize diversity in the target model's outputs among the generated samples. While ODS is a gradient-based strategy, the diversity offered by ODS is transferable and can be helpful for both white-box and black-box attacks via surrogate models. Empirically, we demonstrate that ODS significantly improves the performance of existing white-box and black-box attacks. In particular, ODS reduces the number of queries needed for state-of-the-art black-box attacks on ImageNet by a factor of two.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.06878v3","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.06878v3.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"output-diversified-initialization-for","repo_url":"https://github.com/ermongroup/ODS","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":null}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"diversity","task_name":"Diversity"}],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=2003.06878","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2003.06878"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-24T18:15:14+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. Samples come from repositories linked to the paper, official or community; repo_kind says which.","repos":[{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/ermongroup/ODS","reach":null}],"summary":{"ran_draft_wrong":2},"by_repo_kind":{"official":{"samples":2,"ran":2,"repositories":1}},"repo_kind_vocabulary":{"official":"The archive marks this repository official for the paper","named_in_paper":"The archive records that the paper mentions this repository; it is not marked official","listed":"In the archive's code links for this paper, not marked official and not recorded as mentioned in the paper","found_in_text":"Syntology found this repository in the paper's own text; whether it is the authors' implementation is not asserted","community":"Not in the archive's code links for this paper; a community repository Syntology harvested"},"n_pointer_only_for_licence":2,"samples":[{"code_sha256_prefix":"e7def3ce17dd2577","entry":"margin_loss","repo":"ermongroup/ODS","repo_kind":"official","path":"blackbox_simbaODS.py","file_url":"https://github.com/ermongroup/ODS/blob/HEAD/blackbox_simbaODS.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":"invariant","behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"e7def3ce17dd2577"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"20c10282e0a610a7","entry":"margin_loss","repo":"ermongroup/ODS","repo_kind":"official","path":"whitebox_pgd_attack_cifar10_ODI.py","file_url":"https://github.com/ermongroup/ODS/blob/HEAD/whitebox_pgd_attack_cifar10_ODI.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"20c10282e0a610a7"}}]},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}