{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/one-explanation-does-not-fit-all-a-toolkit","title":"One Explanation Does Not Fit All: A Toolkit and Taxonomy of AI Explainability Techniques","arxiv_id":"1909.03012","date":"2019-09-06","proceeding":null,"authors":["Vijay Arya","Rachel K. E. Bellamy","Pin-Yu Chen","Amit Dhurandhar","Michael Hind","Samuel C. Hoffman","Stephanie Houde","Q. Vera Liao","Ronny Luss","Aleksandra Mojsilović","Sami Mourad","Pablo Pedemonte","Ramya Raghavendra","John Richards","Prasanna Sattigeri","Karthikeyan Shanmugam","Moninder Singh","Kush R. Varshney","Dennis Wei","Yunfeng Zhang"],"abstract":"As artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms make further inroads into society, calls are increasing from multiple stakeholders for these algorithms to explain their outputs. At the same time, these stakeholders, whether they be affected citizens, government regulators, domain experts, or system developers, present different requirements for explanations. Toward addressing these needs, we introduce AI Explainability 360 (http://aix360.mybluemix.net/), an open-source software toolkit featuring eight diverse and state-of-the-art explainability methods and two evaluation metrics. Equally important, we provide a taxonomy to help entities requiring explanations to navigate the space of explanation methods, not only those in the toolkit but also in the broader literature on explainability. For data scientists and other users of the toolkit, we have implemented an extensible software architecture that organizes methods according to their place in the AI modeling pipeline. We also discuss enhancements to bring research innovations closer to consumers of explanations, ranging from simplified, more accessible versions of algorithms, to tutorials and an interactive web demo to introduce AI explainability to different audiences and application domains. Together, our toolkit and taxonomy can help identify gaps where more explainability methods are needed and provide a platform to incorporate them as they are developed.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.03012v2","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.03012v2.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"one-explanation-does-not-fit-all-a-toolkit","repo_url":"https://github.com/IBM/AIX360","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"Apache-2.0"}},{"paper_slug":"one-explanation-does-not-fit-all-a-toolkit","repo_url":"https://github.com/dwiggles/AIX360-withdata","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"tf","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"Apache-2.0"}}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"all","task_name":"All"},{"task_slug":"navigate","task_name":"Navigate"}],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":"https://syntology.ai/paper/1909.03012","atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=1909.03012","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1909.03012"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-25T09:33:49+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. Samples come from repositories linked to the paper, official or community; repo_kind says which.","repos":[{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/dwiggles/AIX360-withdata","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"Apache-2.0"}},{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/IBM/AIX360","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"Apache-2.0"}}],"summary":{"ran":1,"unverified":2},"by_repo_kind":{"official":{"samples":3,"ran":1,"repositories":1}},"repo_kind_vocabulary":{"official":"The archive marks this repository official for the paper","named_in_paper":"The archive records that the paper mentions this repository; it is not marked official","listed":"In the archive's code links for this paper, not marked official and not recorded as mentioned in the paper","found_in_text":"Syntology found this repository in the paper's own text; whether it is the authors' implementation is not asserted","community":"Not in the archive's code links for this paper; a community repository Syntology harvested"},"n_pointer_only_for_licence":0,"samples":[{"code_sha256_prefix":"d269f5f6d592112e","entry":"onehot_encoding","repo":"IBM/AIX360","repo_kind":"official","path":"aix360/algorithms/cofrnet/utils.py","file_url":"https://github.com/IBM/AIX360/blob/HEAD/aix360/algorithms/cofrnet/utils.py","link_basis":"plan_row","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"d269f5f6d592112e"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"6be0ec7a3027f695","entry":"generate_connections","repo":"IBM/AIX360","repo_kind":"official","path":"aix360/algorithms/cofrnet/utils.py","file_url":"https://github.com/IBM/AIX360/blob/HEAD/aix360/algorithms/cofrnet/utils.py","link_basis":"plan_row","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"6be0ec7a3027f695"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"d81355b81c3d33f8","entry":"process_data","repo":"IBM/AIX360","repo_kind":"official","path":"aix360/algorithms/cofrnet/utils.py","file_url":"https://github.com/IBM/AIX360/blob/HEAD/aix360/algorithms/cofrnet/utils.py","link_basis":"plan_row","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"Apache-2.0","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"d81355b81c3d33f8"}}]},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}