{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/multimodal-n-of-1-trials-a-novel-personalized","title":"Multimodal N-of-1 trials: A Novel Personalized Healthcare Design","arxiv_id":"2302.07547","date":"2023-02-15","proceeding":null,"authors":["Jingjing Fu","Shuheng Liu","Siqi Du","Siqiao Ruan","Xuliang Guo","Weiwei Pan","Abhishek Sharma","Stefan Konigorski"],"abstract":"N-of-1 trials aim to estimate treatment effects on the individual level and can be applied to personalize a wide range of physical and digital interventions in mHealth. In this study, we propose and apply a framework for multimodal N-of-1 trials in order to allow the inclusion of health outcomes assessed through images, audio or videos. We illustrate the framework in a series of N-of-1 trials that investigate the effect of acne creams on acne severity assessed through pictures. For the analysis, we compare an expert-based manual labelling approach with different deep learning-based pipelines where in a first step, we train and fine-tune convolutional neural networks (CNN) on the images. Then, we use a linear mixed model on the scores obtained in the first step in order to test the effectiveness of the treatment. The results show that the CNN-based test on the images provides a similar conclusion as tests based on manual expert ratings of the images, and identifies a treatment effect in one individual. This illustrates that multimodal N-of-1 trials can provide a powerful way to identify individual treatment effects and can enable large-scale studies of a large variety of health outcomes that can be actively and passively assessed using technological advances in order to personalized health interventions.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.07547v1","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2302.07547v1.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"links_only","authors_date_abstract":"arXiv metadata, CC0 1.0 (https://info.arxiv.org/help/license), from the Kaggle arXiv metadata snapshot of 2026-09-12"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"multimodal-n-of-1-trials-a-novel-personalized","repo_url":"https://github.com/hialab/multimodal_nof1","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":null},{"paper_slug":"multimodal-n-of-1-trials-a-novel-personalized","repo_url":"https://github.com/hialab/acne_multimodal_nof1","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":null}],"tasks":[],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":null,"atlas_url":null,"mcp":null,"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers"},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}