{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/massive-black-hole-assembly-in-nuclear-star","title":"Massive black hole assembly in nuclear star clusters","arxiv_id":"2212.06845","date":"2022-12-13","proceeding":null,"authors":["Konstantinos Kritos","Emanuele Berti","Joseph Silk"],"abstract":"Nuclear star clusters, which fragment into metal-poor stars in situ at the centers of protogalaxies, provide ideal environments for the formation of intermediate-mass black holes with masses $10^3-10^6M_\\odot$. We utilize the semianalytic model implemented in Rapster, a public rapid cluster evolution code. We implement simple recipes for stellar collisions and gas accretion/expulsion into the code and identify the regimes where each channel contributes to the dynamical formation of intermediate-mass black holes via repeated mergers of stellar black hole seeds. We find that intermediate-mass black hole formation in gas-rich environments is almost inevitable if the initial mean density of the nuclear cluster is $>10^8M_\\odot\\,{\\rm pc}^{-3}$. A million solar mass black hole can form within 100~Myr in the heaviest ($>10^7M_\\odot$) and most compact ($<0.5~{\\rm pc}$) nuclear clusters. We demonstrate that by today these resemble the observed range of nuclear clusters in dwarf galaxies and that there are potential gravitational-wave signatures of the massive black hole formation process.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.06845v2","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.06845v2.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"links_only","authors_date_abstract":"arXiv metadata, CC0 1.0 (https://info.arxiv.org/help/license), from the Kaggle arXiv metadata snapshot of 2026-09-12"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"massive-black-hole-assembly-in-nuclear-star","repo_url":"https://github.com/kkritos/rapster","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":null}],"tasks":[],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":null,"atlas_url":null,"mcp":null,"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers"},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}