{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/marsexplorer-exploration-of-unknown-terrains","title":"MarsExplorer: Exploration of Unknown Terrains via Deep Reinforcement Learning and Procedurally Generated Environments","arxiv_id":"2107.09996","date":"2021-07-21","proceeding":null,"authors":["Dimitrios I. Koutras","Athanasios Ch. Kapoutsis","Angelos A. Amanatiadis","Elias B. Kosmatopoulos"],"abstract":"This paper is an initial endeavor to bridge the gap between powerful Deep Reinforcement Learning methodologies and the problem of exploration/coverage of unknown terrains. Within this scope, MarsExplorer, an openai-gym compatible environment tailored to exploration/coverage of unknown areas, is presented. MarsExplorer translates the original robotics problem into a Reinforcement Learning setup that various off-the-shelf algorithms can tackle. Any learned policy can be straightforwardly applied to a robotic platform without an elaborate simulation model of the robot's dynamics to apply a different learning/adaptation phase. One of its core features is the controllable multi-dimensional procedural generation of terrains, which is the key for producing policies with strong generalization capabilities. Four different state-of-the-art RL algorithms (A3C, PPO, Rainbow, and SAC) are trained on the MarsExplorer environment, and a proper evaluation of their results compared to the average human-level performance is reported. In the follow-up experimental analysis, the effect of the multi-dimensional difficulty setting on the learning capabilities of the best-performing algorithm (PPO) is analyzed. A milestone result is the generation of an exploration policy that follows the Hilbert curve without providing this information to the environment or rewarding directly or indirectly Hilbert-curve-like trajectories. The experimental analysis is concluded by evaluating PPO learned policy algorithm side-by-side with frontier-based exploration strategies. A study on the performance curves revealed that PPO-based policy was capable of performing adaptive-to-the-unknown-terrain sweeping without leaving expensive-to-revisit areas uncovered, underlying the capability of RL-based methodologies to tackle exploration tasks efficiently. The source code can be found at: https://github.com/dimikout3/MarsExplorer.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.09996v2","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.09996v2.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"marsexplorer-exploration-of-unknown-terrains","repo_url":"https://github.com/dimikout3/GeneralExplorationPolicy","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":null},{"paper_slug":"marsexplorer-exploration-of-unknown-terrains","repo_url":"https://github.com/dimikout3/MarsExplorer","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":null}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"deep-reinforcement-learning","task_name":"Deep Reinforcement Learning"},{"task_slug":"openai-gym","task_name":"OpenAI Gym"},{"task_slug":"reinforcement-learning-1","task_name":"Reinforcement Learning (RL)"},{"task_slug":"reinforcement-learning-2","task_name":"reinforcement-learning"}],"methods":[{"method_slug":"entropy-regularization","method_name":"Entropy Regularization"},{"method_slug":"ppo","method_name":"PPO"}],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":null,"atlas_url":null,"mcp":null,"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers"},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}