{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/lime-learning-inductive-bias-for-primitives-1","title":"LIME: Learning Inductive Bias for Primitives of Mathematical Reasoning","arxiv_id":"2101.06223","date":"2021-01-15","proceeding":null,"authors":["Yuhuai Wu","Markus Rabe","Wenda Li","Jimmy Ba","Roger Grosse","Christian Szegedy"],"abstract":"While designing inductive bias in neural architectures has been widely studied, we hypothesize that transformer networks are flexible enough to learn inductive bias from suitable generic tasks. Here, we replace architecture engineering by encoding inductive bias in the form of datasets. Inspired by Peirce's view that deduction, induction, and abduction are the primitives of reasoning, we design three synthetic tasks that are intended to require the model to have these three abilities. We specifically design these tasks to be synthetic and devoid of mathematical knowledge to ensure that only the fundamental reasoning biases can be learned from these tasks. This defines a new pre-training methodology called \"LIME\" (Learning Inductive bias for Mathematical rEasoning). Models trained with LIME significantly outperform vanilla transformers on four very different large mathematical reasoning benchmarks. Unlike dominating the computation cost as traditional pre-training approaches, LIME requires only a small fraction of the computation cost of the typical downstream task. The code for generating LIME tasks is available at https://github.com/tonywu95/LIME.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.06223v2","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.06223v2.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"lime-learning-inductive-bias-for-primitives-1","repo_url":"https://github.com/tonywu95/lime","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"none","reach":{"status":"unanswered"}}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"inductive-bias","task_name":"Inductive Bias"},{"task_slug":"mathematical-reasoning","task_name":"Mathematical Reasoning"}],"methods":[{"method_slug":"lime","method_name":"LIME"}],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=2101.06223","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2101.06223"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-24T18:15:14+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. Samples come from repositories linked to the paper, official or community; repo_kind says which.","repos":[{"provenance":"deterministic:regex_extraction","url":"https://github.com/tonywu95/LIME","reach":{"status":"unanswered"}},{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/tonywu95/lime","reach":{"status":"unanswered"}}],"summary":{"ran_draft_wrong":2,"unverified":1},"by_repo_kind":{"official":{"samples":3,"ran":2,"repositories":1}},"repo_kind_vocabulary":{"official":"The archive marks this repository official for the paper","named_in_paper":"The archive records that the paper mentions this repository; it is not marked official","listed":"In the archive's code links for this paper, not marked official and not recorded as mentioned in the paper","found_in_text":"Syntology found this repository in the paper's own text; whether it is the authors' implementation is not asserted","community":"Not in the archive's code links for this paper; a community repository Syntology harvested"},"n_pointer_only_for_licence":3,"samples":[{"code_sha256_prefix":"63272b28bc637fad","entry":"gen_subst","repo":"tonywu95/LIME","repo_kind":"official","path":"reason/generate_data.py","file_url":"https://github.com/tonywu95/LIME/blob/HEAD/reason/generate_data.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"OUTPUT_MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":"deterministic","behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"63272b28bc637fad"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"5a8a718c8eea6499","entry":"sample_substring","repo":"tonywu95/LIME","repo_kind":"official","path":"reason/generate_data.py","file_url":"https://github.com/tonywu95/LIME/blob/HEAD/reason/generate_data.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"OUTPUT_MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":"deterministic","behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"5a8a718c8eea6499"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"af1d917d5ff61721","entry":"gen_rule","repo":"tonywu95/LIME","repo_kind":"official","path":"rewrite_multi/generate_data.py","file_url":"https://github.com/tonywu95/LIME/blob/HEAD/rewrite_multi/generate_data.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"af1d917d5ff61721"}}]},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}