{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/lightning-an-x-ray-to-submillimeter-galaxy","title":"Lightning: An X-ray to Submillimeter Galaxy SED-Fitting Code With Physically-Motivated Stellar, Dust, and AGN Models","arxiv_id":"2304.06753","date":"2023-04-13","proceeding":null,"authors":["Keith Doore","Erik B. Monson","Rafael T. Eufrasio","Bret D. Lehmer","Kristen Garofali","Antara Basu-Zych"],"abstract":"We present an updated version of Lightning, a galaxy spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting code that can model X-ray to submillimeter observations. The models in Lightning include the options to contain contributions from stellar populations, dust attenuation and emission, and active galactic nuclei (AGN). X-ray emission, when utilized, can be modeled as originating from stellar compact binary populations with the option to include emission from AGN. We have also included a variety of algorithms to fit the models to observations and sample parameter posteriors; these include an adaptive Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC), affine-invariant MCMC, and Levenberg-Marquardt gradient decent (MPFIT) algorithms. To demonstrate some of the capabilities of Lightning, we present several examples using a variety of observational data. These examples include (1) deriving the spatially resolved stellar properties of the nearby galaxy M81, (2) demonstrating how X-ray emission can provide constrains on the properties of the supermassive black hole of a distant AGN, (3) exploring how to rectify the attenuation effects of inclination on the derived the star formation rate of the edge-on galaxy NGC 4631, (4) comparing the performance of Lightning to similar Bayesian SED fitting codes when deriving physical properties of the star-forming galaxy NGC 628, and (5) comparing the derived X-ray and UV-to-IR AGN properties from Lightning and CIGALE for a distant AGN. Lightning is an open-source application developed in the Interactive Data Language (IDL) and is available at https://github.com/rafaeleufrasio/lightning.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.06753v2","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2304.06753v2.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"links_only","authors_date_abstract":"arXiv metadata, CC0 1.0 (https://info.arxiv.org/help/license), from the Kaggle arXiv metadata snapshot of 2026-09-12"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"lightning-an-x-ray-to-submillimeter-galaxy","repo_url":"https://github.com/rafaeleufrasio/lightning","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"none","reach":null}],"tasks":[],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":null,"atlas_url":null,"mcp":null,"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers"},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}