{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/leaf-a-learnable-frontend-for-audio","title":"LEAF: A Learnable Frontend for Audio Classification","arxiv_id":"2101.08596","date":"2021-01-21","proceeding":null,"authors":["Neil Zeghidour","Olivier Teboul","Félix de Chaumont Quitry","Marco Tagliasacchi"],"abstract":"Mel-filterbanks are fixed, engineered audio features which emulate human perception and have been used through the history of audio understanding up to today. However, their undeniable qualities are counterbalanced by the fundamental limitations of handmade representations. In this work we show that we can train a single learnable frontend that outperforms mel-filterbanks on a wide range of audio signals, including speech, music, audio events and animal sounds, providing a general-purpose learned frontend for audio classification. To do so, we introduce a new principled, lightweight, fully learnable architecture that can be used as a drop-in replacement of mel-filterbanks. Our system learns all operations of audio features extraction, from filtering to pooling, compression and normalization, and can be integrated into any neural network at a negligible parameter cost. We perform multi-task training on eight diverse audio classification tasks, and show consistent improvements of our model over mel-filterbanks and previous learnable alternatives. Moreover, our system outperforms the current state-of-the-art learnable frontend on Audioset, with orders of magnitude fewer parameters.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.08596v1","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.08596v1.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"leaf-a-learnable-frontend-for-audio","repo_url":"https://github.com/google-research/leaf-audio","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"tf","reach":{"status":"unanswered"}},{"paper_slug":"leaf-a-learnable-frontend-for-audio","repo_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/audax","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"jax","reach":null},{"paper_slug":"leaf-a-learnable-frontend-for-audio","repo_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/leaf-pytorch","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"pytorch","reach":null},{"paper_slug":"leaf-a-learnable-frontend-for-audio","repo_url":"https://github.com/cpjku/efficientleaf","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"pytorch","reach":null}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"audio-classification","task_name":"Audio Classification"},{"task_slug":"classification-1","task_name":"Classification"},{"task_slug":"classification","task_name":"General Classification"}],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=2101.08596","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2101.08596"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-24T18:15:14+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. Samples come from repositories linked to the paper, official or community; repo_kind says which.","repos":[{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/cpjku/efficientleaf","reach":null},{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/leaf-pytorch","reach":null},{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/google-research/leaf-audio","reach":{"status":"unanswered"}},{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/audax","reach":null}],"summary":{"ran":4,"ran_draft_wrong":5,"ran_fixture":2,"ran_violates":2,"ran_honours":1,"unverified":12},"by_repo_kind":{"listed":{"samples":26,"ran":14,"repositories":3}},"repo_kind_vocabulary":{"official":"The archive marks this repository official for the paper","named_in_paper":"The archive records that the paper mentions this repository; it is not marked official","listed":"In the archive's code links for this paper, not marked official and not recorded as mentioned in the paper","found_in_text":"Syntology found this repository in the paper's own text; whether it is the authors' implementation is not asserted","community":"Not in the archive's code links for this paper; a community repository Syntology harvested"},"n_pointer_only_for_licence":2,"samples":[{"code_sha256_prefix":"6e985a21ec9fa940","entry":"GaborConstraint","repo":"SarthakYadav/audax","repo_kind":"listed","path":"audax/frontends/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/audax/blob/HEAD/audax/frontends/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":"invariant","behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"BSD-2-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"6e985a21ec9fa940"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"a2fcbfa9f777c17f","entry":"GaborFilterbank","repo":"cpjku/efficientleaf","repo_kind":"listed","path":"model/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/cpjku/efficientleaf/blob/HEAD/model/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"a2fcbfa9f777c17f"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"3aaf38be4c3fb084","entry":"PCEN","repo":"cpjku/efficientleaf","repo_kind":"listed","path":"model/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/cpjku/efficientleaf/blob/HEAD/model/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":"invariant","behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"3aaf38be4c3fb084"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"889fadfc65f3beb7","entry":"SquaredModulus","repo":"SarthakYadav/leaf-pytorch","repo_kind":"listed","path":"leaf_pytorch/frontend.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/leaf-pytorch/blob/HEAD/leaf_pytorch/frontend.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"889fadfc65f3beb7"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"9f0244a02ae7fba6","entry":"constant_init","repo":"SarthakYadav/audax","repo_kind":"listed","path":"audax/frontends/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/audax/blob/HEAD/audax/frontends/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"BSD-2-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"9f0244a02ae7fba6"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"e04f1c11885e4803","entry":"gabor_filters","repo":"SarthakYadav/audax","repo_kind":"listed","path":"audax/frontends/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/audax/blob/HEAD/audax/frontends/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_fixture","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"RAISES","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"BSD-2-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"e04f1c11885e4803"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"6a7777a3bb79d705","entry":"gabor_filters","repo":"cpjku/efficientleaf","repo_kind":"listed","path":"model/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/cpjku/efficientleaf/blob/HEAD/model/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"6a7777a3bb79d705"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"660642538cf0749b","entry":"gauss_windows","repo":"cpjku/efficientleaf","repo_kind":"listed","path":"model/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/cpjku/efficientleaf/blob/HEAD/model/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"660642538cf0749b"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"cd18f02a2caf254f","entry":"hz_to_leaf_param","repo":"SarthakYadav/audax","repo_kind":"listed","path":"audax/frontends/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/audax/blob/HEAD/audax/frontends/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_violates","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"VIOLATES","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"BSD-2-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"cd18f02a2caf254f"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"0e0e40f60cb56b3c","entry":"leaf_truncated_init","repo":"SarthakYadav/audax","repo_kind":"listed","path":"audax/frontends/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/audax/blob/HEAD/audax/frontends/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"OUTPUT_MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"BSD-2-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"0e0e40f60cb56b3c"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"c1b960ad4b82d46e","entry":"leaf_uniform_init","repo":"SarthakYadav/audax","repo_kind":"listed","path":"audax/frontends/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/audax/blob/HEAD/audax/frontends/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"OUTPUT_MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"BSD-2-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"c1b960ad4b82d46e"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"787e3190e5d34e8e","entry":"mel_filter_params","repo":"cpjku/efficientleaf","repo_kind":"listed","path":"model/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/cpjku/efficientleaf/blob/HEAD/model/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_honours","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"HONOURS","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"787e3190e5d34e8e"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"c86acac67c0dd466","entry":"simple_min_max_scale","repo":"SarthakYadav/audax","repo_kind":"listed","path":"audax/frontends/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/audax/blob/HEAD/audax/frontends/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_violates","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"VIOLATES","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"BSD-2-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"c86acac67c0dd466"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"7089f92c384fd85f","entry":"squared_modulus_activation","repo":"SarthakYadav/audax","repo_kind":"listed","path":"audax/frontends/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/audax/blob/HEAD/audax/frontends/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_fixture","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"RAISES","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"BSD-2-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"7089f92c384fd85f"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"b68e7781b9a3baa7","entry":"ExponentialMovingAverage","repo":"SarthakYadav/audax","repo_kind":"listed","path":"audax/frontends/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/audax/blob/HEAD/audax/frontends/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"BSD-2-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"b68e7781b9a3baa7"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"edbd1816bc9a31c9","entry":"GaborConv1D","repo":"SarthakYadav/audax","repo_kind":"listed","path":"audax/frontends/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/audax/blob/HEAD/audax/frontends/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"BSD-2-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"edbd1816bc9a31c9"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"63085169c36eb6e3","entry":"GaborFilterHelper","repo":"SarthakYadav/audax","repo_kind":"listed","path":"audax/frontends/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/audax/blob/HEAD/audax/frontends/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"BSD-2-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"63085169c36eb6e3"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"5c70b74778f9633c","entry":"GaborInit","repo":"SarthakYadav/audax","repo_kind":"listed","path":"audax/frontends/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/audax/blob/HEAD/audax/frontends/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"BSD-2-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"5c70b74778f9633c"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"869cfc21734ba1d4","entry":"GaussianLowPassPooling","repo":"SarthakYadav/audax","repo_kind":"listed","path":"audax/frontends/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/audax/blob/HEAD/audax/frontends/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"BSD-2-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"869cfc21734ba1d4"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"1e7e303c902bf303","entry":"Leaf","repo":"SarthakYadav/leaf-pytorch","repo_kind":"listed","path":"leaf_pytorch/frontend.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/leaf-pytorch/blob/HEAD/leaf_pytorch/frontend.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"1e7e303c902bf303"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"d115cb81f2c624af","entry":"Leaf","repo":"SarthakYadav/audax","repo_kind":"listed","path":"audax/frontends/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/audax/blob/HEAD/audax/frontends/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"BSD-2-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"d115cb81f2c624af"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"4507960a65ca7778","entry":"Leaf","repo":"cpjku/efficientleaf","repo_kind":"listed","path":"model/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/cpjku/efficientleaf/blob/HEAD/model/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"4507960a65ca7778"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"cf242b9bc664970f","entry":"PCENLayer","repo":"SarthakYadav/audax","repo_kind":"listed","path":"audax/frontends/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/audax/blob/HEAD/audax/frontends/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"BSD-2-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"cf242b9bc664970f"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"a86dc35443b7ddfd","entry":"gabor_impulse_response","repo":"SarthakYadav/audax","repo_kind":"listed","path":"audax/frontends/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/audax/blob/HEAD/audax/frontends/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"BSD-2-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"a86dc35443b7ddfd"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"5fc0b90b915410cb","entry":"gabor_init","repo":"SarthakYadav/audax","repo_kind":"listed","path":"audax/frontends/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/audax/blob/HEAD/audax/frontends/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"BSD-2-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"5fc0b90b915410cb"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"3201fcfbadfc8198","entry":"gaussian_lowpass_kernel","repo":"SarthakYadav/audax","repo_kind":"listed","path":"audax/frontends/leaf.py","file_url":"https://github.com/SarthakYadav/audax/blob/HEAD/audax/frontends/leaf.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"BSD-2-Clause","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"3201fcfbadfc8198"}}]},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}