{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/improving-the-sample-efficiency-of-prompt","title":"Improving the Sample Efficiency of Prompt Tuning with Domain Adaptation","arxiv_id":"2210.02952","date":"2022-10-06","proceeding":null,"authors":["Xu Guo","Boyang Li","Han Yu"],"abstract":"Prompt tuning, or the conditioning of a frozen pretrained language model (PLM) with soft prompts learned from data, has demonstrated impressive performance on a wide range of NLP tasks. However, prompt tuning requires a large training dataset to be effective and is outperformed by finetuning the entire PLM in data-scarce regimes. Previous work (Gu et al., 2022, Vu et al., 2022) proposed to transfer soft prompts pretrained on the source domain to the target domain. In this paper, we explore domain adaptation for prompt tuning, a problem setting where unlabeled data from the target domain are available during pretraining. We propose bOosting Prompt TunIng with doMain Adaptation (OPTIMA), which regularizes the decision boundary to be smooth around regions where source and target data distributions are similar. Extensive experiments demonstrate that OPTIMA significantly enhances the transferability and sample-efficiency of prompt tuning compared to strong baselines. Moreover, in few-shot settings, OPTIMA exceeds full-model tuning by a large margin.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.02952v2","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.02952v2.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"improving-the-sample-efficiency-of-prompt","repo_url":"https://github.com/guoxuxu/soft-prompt-transfer","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"pytorch","reach":null}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"domain-adaptation","task_name":"Domain Adaptation"},{"task_slug":"language-modeling","task_name":"Language Modeling"},{"task_slug":"language-modelling","task_name":"Language Modelling"}],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=2210.02952","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2210.02952"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-24T18:15:14+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. Samples come from repositories linked to the paper, official or community; repo_kind says which.","repos":[{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/guoxuxu/soft-prompt-transfer","reach":null}],"summary":{"ran_honours":1,"unverified":2},"by_repo_kind":{"official":{"samples":3,"ran":1,"repositories":1}},"repo_kind_vocabulary":{"official":"The archive marks this repository official for the paper","named_in_paper":"The archive records that the paper mentions this repository; it is not marked official","listed":"In the archive's code links for this paper, not marked official and not recorded as mentioned in the paper","found_in_text":"Syntology found this repository in the paper's own text; whether it is the authors' implementation is not asserted","community":"Not in the archive's code links for this paper; a community repository Syntology harvested"},"n_pointer_only_for_licence":3,"samples":[{"code_sha256_prefix":"4598d285dfa9997c","entry":"evaluate","repo":"guoxuxu/soft-prompt-transfer","repo_kind":"official","path":"optima/evaluation.py","file_url":"https://github.com/guoxuxu/soft-prompt-transfer/blob/HEAD/optima/evaluation.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_honours","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"HONOURS","metamorphic_tier":"well_formed","behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"4598d285dfa9997c"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"3740bf7c9baf6701","entry":"nli_evaluate","repo":"guoxuxu/soft-prompt-transfer","repo_kind":"official","path":"optima/evaluation.py","file_url":"https://github.com/guoxuxu/soft-prompt-transfer/blob/HEAD/optima/evaluation.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"3740bf7c9baf6701"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"b09887a7fdca50fd","entry":"qqp_evaluate","repo":"guoxuxu/soft-prompt-transfer","repo_kind":"official","path":"optima/evaluation.py","file_url":"https://github.com/guoxuxu/soft-prompt-transfer/blob/HEAD/optima/evaluation.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"b09887a7fdca50fd"}}]},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}