{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/hate-lingo-a-target-based-linguistic-analysis","title":"Hate Lingo: A Target-based Linguistic Analysis of Hate Speech in Social Media","arxiv_id":"1804.04257","date":"2018-04-11","proceeding":null,"authors":["Mai ElSherief","Vivek Kulkarni","Dana Nguyen","William Yang Wang","Elizabeth Belding"],"abstract":"While social media empowers freedom of expression and individual voices, it\nalso enables anti-social behavior, online harassment, cyberbullying, and hate\nspeech. In this paper, we deepen our understanding of online hate speech by\nfocusing on a largely neglected but crucial aspect of hate speech -- its\ntarget: either \"directed\" towards a specific person or entity, or \"generalized\"\ntowards a group of people sharing a common protected characteristic. We perform\nthe first linguistic and psycholinguistic analysis of these two forms of hate\nspeech and reveal the presence of interesting markers that distinguish these\ntypes of hate speech. Our analysis reveals that Directed hate speech, in\naddition to being more personal and directed, is more informal, angrier, and\noften explicitly attacks the target (via name calling) with fewer analytic\nwords and more words suggesting authority and influence. Generalized hate\nspeech, on the other hand, is dominated by religious hate, is characterized by\nthe use of lethal words such as murder, exterminate, and kill; and quantity\nwords such as million and many. Altogether, our work provides a data-driven\nanalysis of the nuances of online-hate speech that enables not only a deepened\nunderstanding of hate speech and its social implications but also its\ndetection.","url_abs":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.04257v1","url_pdf":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1804.04257v1.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"hate-lingo-a-target-based-linguistic-analysis","repo_url":"https://github.com/mayelsherif/hate_speech_icwsm18","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"none","reach":{"status":"ok"}},{"paper_slug":"hate-lingo-a-target-based-linguistic-analysis","repo_url":"https://github.com/ben-aaron188/ucl_aca_20182019","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"GPL-3.0"}}],"tasks":[],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=1804.04257","mcp":null,"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers"},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}