{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/gradient-assisted-learning","title":"GAL: Gradient Assisted Learning for Decentralized Multi-Organization Collaborations","arxiv_id":"2106.01425","date":"2021-06-02","proceeding":null,"authors":["Enmao Diao","Jie Ding","Vahid Tarokh"],"abstract":"Collaborations among multiple organizations, such as financial institutions, medical centers, and retail markets in decentralized settings are crucial to providing improved service and performance. However, the underlying organizations may have little interest in sharing their local data, models, and objective functions. These requirements have created new challenges for multi-organization collaboration. In this work, we propose Gradient Assisted Learning (GAL), a new method for multiple organizations to assist each other in supervised learning tasks without sharing local data, models, and objective functions. In this framework, all participants collaboratively optimize the aggregate of local loss functions, and each participant autonomously builds its own model by iteratively fitting the gradients of the overarching objective function. We also provide asymptotic convergence analysis and practical case studies of GAL. Experimental studies demonstrate that GAL can achieve performance close to centralized learning when all data, models, and objective functions are fully disclosed.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.01425v4","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.01425v4.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"gradient-assisted-learning","repo_url":"https://github.com/diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"MIT"}}],"tasks":[],"methods":[{"method_slug":null,"method_name":null}],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=2106.01425","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2106.01425"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-24T18:15:14+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. Samples come from repositories linked to the paper, official or community; repo_kind says which.","repos":[{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"MIT"}}],"summary":{"ran_draft_wrong":2,"unverified":9},"by_repo_kind":{"official":{"samples":11,"ran":2,"repositories":1}},"repo_kind_vocabulary":{"official":"The archive marks this repository official for the paper","named_in_paper":"The archive records that the paper mentions this repository; it is not marked official","listed":"In the archive's code links for this paper, not marked official and not recorded as mentioned in the paper","found_in_text":"Syntology found this repository in the paper's own text; whether it is the authors' implementation is not asserted","community":"Not in the archive's code links for this paper; a community repository Syntology harvested"},"n_pointer_only_for_licence":0,"samples":[{"code_sha256_prefix":"6fd4f7ea4a79121e","entry":"input_collate","repo":"diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/data.py","file_url":"https://github.com/diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations/blob/HEAD/src/data.py","link_basis":"plan_row","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"OUTPUT_MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"6fd4f7ea4a79121e"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"d817b1bf3eb37bf5","entry":"make_controls","repo":"diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/process.py","file_url":"https://github.com/diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations/blob/HEAD/src/process.py","link_basis":"plan_row","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"OUTPUT_MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":"deterministic","behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"d817b1bf3eb37bf5"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"25a541621c9bfbf6","entry":"dp","repo":"diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/privacy.py","file_url":"https://github.com/diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations/blob/HEAD/src/privacy.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"25a541621c9bfbf6"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"1842bcd1a9dc7088","entry":"fetch_dataset","repo":"diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/data.py","file_url":"https://github.com/diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations/blob/HEAD/src/data.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"1842bcd1a9dc7088"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"b70c15bcf6a12a08","entry":"gather","repo":"diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/train_model_al.py","file_url":"https://github.com/diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations/blob/HEAD/src/train_model_al.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"b70c15bcf6a12a08"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"445cc557f49a02e5","entry":"ip","repo":"diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/privacy.py","file_url":"https://github.com/diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations/blob/HEAD/src/privacy.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"445cc557f49a02e5"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"730309c1de9360b6","entry":"make_control_list","repo":"diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/process.py","file_url":"https://github.com/diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations/blob/HEAD/src/process.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"730309c1de9360b6"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"eee61a8bb1e16455","entry":"make_controls","repo":"diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/make.py","file_url":"https://github.com/diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations/blob/HEAD/src/make.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"eee61a8bb1e16455"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"d953f71ff87c935d","entry":"make_flops","repo":"diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/summary.py","file_url":"https://github.com/diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations/blob/HEAD/src/summary.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"d953f71ff87c935d"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"fd657724d9473791","entry":"make_privacy","repo":"diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/privacy.py","file_url":"https://github.com/diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations/blob/HEAD/src/privacy.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"fd657724d9473791"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"8d994cf212a4e904","entry":"make_size","repo":"diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations","repo_kind":"official","path":"src/summary.py","file_url":"https://github.com/diaoenmao/GAL-Gradient-Assisted-Learning-for-Decentralized-Multi-Organization-Collaborations/blob/HEAD/src/summary.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"8d994cf212a4e904"}}]},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}