{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/faceboxes-a-cpu-real-time-face-detector-with","title":"FaceBoxes: A CPU Real-time Face Detector with High Accuracy","arxiv_id":"1708.05234","date":"2017-08-17","proceeding":null,"authors":["Shifeng Zhang","Xiangyu Zhu","Zhen Lei","Hailin Shi","Xiaobo Wang","Stan Z. Li"],"abstract":"Although tremendous strides have been made in face detection, one of the\nremaining open challenges is to achieve real-time speed on the CPU as well as\nmaintain high performance, since effective models for face detection tend to be\ncomputationally prohibitive. To address this challenge, we propose a novel face\ndetector, named FaceBoxes, with superior performance on both speed and\naccuracy. Specifically, our method has a lightweight yet powerful network\nstructure that consists of the Rapidly Digested Convolutional Layers (RDCL) and\nthe Multiple Scale Convolutional Layers (MSCL). The RDCL is designed to enable\nFaceBoxes to achieve real-time speed on the CPU. The MSCL aims at enriching the\nreceptive fields and discretizing anchors over different layers to handle faces\nof various scales. Besides, we propose a new anchor densification strategy to\nmake different types of anchors have the same density on the image, which\nsignificantly improves the recall rate of small faces. As a consequence, the\nproposed detector runs at 20 FPS on a single CPU core and 125 FPS using a GPU\nfor VGA-resolution images. Moreover, the speed of FaceBoxes is invariant to the\nnumber of faces. We comprehensively evaluate this method and present\nstate-of-the-art detection performance on several face detection benchmark\ndatasets, including the AFW, PASCAL face, and FDDB. Code is available at\nhttps://github.com/sfzhang15/FaceBoxes","url_abs":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.05234v4","url_pdf":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1708.05234v4.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"faceboxes-a-cpu-real-time-face-detector-with","repo_url":"https://github.com/sfzhang15/FaceBoxes","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":{"status":"unanswered"}},{"paper_slug":"faceboxes-a-cpu-real-time-face-detector-with","repo_url":"https://github.com/Mind23-2/MindCode-41","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"mindspore","reach":{"status":"unanswered"}},{"paper_slug":"faceboxes-a-cpu-real-time-face-detector-with","repo_url":"https://github.com/TropComplique/FaceBoxes-tensorflow","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"tf","reach":{"status":"unanswered"}},{"paper_slug":"faceboxes-a-cpu-real-time-face-detector-with","repo_url":"https://github.com/chelvanai/Oneshot-Face-Identify","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"tf","reach":{"status":"unanswered"}},{"paper_slug":"faceboxes-a-cpu-real-time-face-detector-with","repo_url":"https://github.com/richaagrawa/Facial-Recognition-System","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"tf","reach":{"status":"unanswered"}},{"paper_slug":"faceboxes-a-cpu-real-time-face-detector-with","repo_url":"https://github.com/yakhyo/faceboxes-pytorch","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":null},{"paper_slug":"faceboxes-a-cpu-real-time-face-detector-with","repo_url":"https://github.com/zisianw/FaceBoxes.PyTorch","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":{"status":"unanswered"}},{"paper_slug":"faceboxes-a-cpu-real-time-face-detector-with","repo_url":"https://github.com/2023-MindSpore-1/ms-code-213/tree/main/FaceDetection","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"mindspore","reach":null},{"paper_slug":"faceboxes-a-cpu-real-time-face-detector-with","repo_url":"https://github.com/MindSpore-paper-code-3/code7/tree/main/faceboxes","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"mindspore","reach":null},{"paper_slug":"faceboxes-a-cpu-real-time-face-detector-with","repo_url":"https://github.com/XiaXuehai/faceboxes","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"pytorch","reach":{"status":"unanswered"}},{"paper_slug":"faceboxes-a-cpu-real-time-face-detector-with","repo_url":"https://github.com/code-implementation1/Code3/tree/main/faceboxes","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"mindspore","reach":null}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":null,"task_name":"CPU"},{"task_slug":"face-detection","task_name":"Face Detection"},{"task_slug":null,"task_name":"GPU"},{"task_slug":"high","task_name":"Vocal Bursts Intensity Prediction"}],"methods":[{"method_slug":"speed","method_name":"SPEED"}],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[{"leaderboard":"/sota/face-detection-on-annotated-faces-in-the-wild","task":"Face Detection","dataset":"Annotated Faces in the Wild","model":"FaceBoxes","rank_in_archive_order":4,"of":7,"metrics":{"AP":"0.9891"},"uses_additional_data":false},{"leaderboard":"/sota/face-detection-on-fddb","task":"Face Detection","dataset":"FDDB","model":"FaceBoxes","rank_in_archive_order":7,"of":11,"metrics":{"AP":"0.960"},"uses_additional_data":false},{"leaderboard":"/sota/face-detection-on-pascal-face","task":"Face Detection","dataset":"PASCAL Face","model":"FaceBoxes","rank_in_archive_order":3,"of":6,"metrics":{"AP":"0.9630"},"uses_additional_data":false}],"syntology":{"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=1708.05234","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1708.05234"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-24T18:15:14+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. 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