{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/doe-1-closed-loop-autonomous-driving-with","title":"Doe-1: Closed-Loop Autonomous Driving with Large World Model","arxiv_id":"2412.09627","date":"2024-12-12","proceeding":null,"authors":["Wenzhao Zheng","Zetian Xia","Yuanhui Huang","Sicheng Zuo","Jie zhou","Jiwen Lu"],"abstract":"End-to-end autonomous driving has received increasing attention due to its potential to learn from large amounts of data. However, most existing methods are still open-loop and suffer from weak scalability, lack of high-order interactions, and inefficient decision-making. In this paper, we explore a closed-loop framework for autonomous driving and propose a large Driving wOrld modEl (Doe-1) for unified perception, prediction, and planning. We formulate autonomous driving as a next-token generation problem and use multi-modal tokens to accomplish different tasks. Specifically, we use free-form texts (i.e., scene descriptions) for perception and generate future predictions directly in the RGB space with image tokens. For planning, we employ a position-aware tokenizer to effectively encode action into discrete tokens. We train a multi-modal transformer to autoregressively generate perception, prediction, and planning tokens in an end-to-end and unified manner. Experiments on the widely used nuScenes dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of Doe-1 in various tasks including visual question-answering, action-conditioned video generation, and motion planning. Code: https://github.com/wzzheng/Doe.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.09627v1","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2412.09627v1.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"doe-1-closed-loop-autonomous-driving-with","repo_url":"https://github.com/wzzheng/doe","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"NOASSERTION"}}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"autonomous-driving","task_name":"Autonomous Driving"},{"task_slug":"decision-making","task_name":"Decision Making"},{"task_slug":"motion-planning","task_name":"Motion Planning"},{"task_slug":"question-answering","task_name":"Question Answering"},{"task_slug":"video-generation","task_name":"Video Generation"},{"task_slug":"visual-question-answering-1","task_name":"Visual Question Answering"}],"methods":[{"method_slug":"attention","method_name":"Attention"},{"method_slug":"softmax","method_name":"Softmax"}],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=2412.09627","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2412.09627"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-24T18:15:14+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. 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