{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/discovering-universal-geometry-in-embeddings","title":"Discovering Universal Geometry in Embeddings with ICA","arxiv_id":"2305.13175","date":"2023-05-22","proceeding":null,"authors":["Hiroaki Yamagiwa","Momose Oyama","Hidetoshi Shimodaira"],"abstract":"This study utilizes Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to unveil a consistent semantic structure within embeddings of words or images. Our approach extracts independent semantic components from the embeddings of a pre-trained model by leveraging anisotropic information that remains after the whitening process in Principal Component Analysis (PCA). We demonstrate that each embedding can be expressed as a composition of a few intrinsic interpretable axes and that these semantic axes remain consistent across different languages, algorithms, and modalities. The discovery of a universal semantic structure in the geometric patterns of embeddings enhances our understanding of the representations in embeddings.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.13175v2","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.13175v2.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"discovering-universal-geometry-in-embeddings","repo_url":"https://github.com/shimo-lab/universal-geometry-with-ica","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":null}],"tasks":[],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":"https://syntology.ai/paper/2305.13175","atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=2305.13175","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2305.13175"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-25T09:33:49+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. Samples come from repositories linked to the paper, official or community; repo_kind says which.","repos":[{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/shimo-lab/universal-geometry-with-ica","reach":null}],"summary":{"ran_draft_wrong":2,"ran_honours":1,"ran_fixture":1,"unverified":2},"by_repo_kind":{"official":{"samples":6,"ran":4,"repositories":1}},"repo_kind_vocabulary":{"official":"The archive marks this repository official for the paper","named_in_paper":"The archive records that the paper mentions this repository; it is not marked official","listed":"In the archive's code links for this paper, not marked official and not recorded as mentioned in the paper","found_in_text":"Syntology found this repository in the paper's own text; whether it is the authors' implementation is not asserted","community":"Not in the archive's code links for this paper; a community repository Syntology harvested"},"n_pointer_only_for_licence":6,"samples":[{"code_sha256_prefix":"506befe0034a3422","entry":"load_data","repo":"shimo-lab/universal-geometry-with-ica","repo_kind":"official","path":"geometry/src/ica.py","file_url":"https://github.com/shimo-lab/universal-geometry-with-ica/blob/HEAD/geometry/src/ica.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"OUTPUT_MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":"deterministic","behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"506befe0034a3422"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"e1077563e3dd1369","entry":"load_dictionary","repo":"shimo-lab/universal-geometry-with-ica","repo_kind":"official","path":"universal/src/crosslingual_eval_alignment_task.py","file_url":"https://github.com/shimo-lab/universal-geometry-with-ica/blob/HEAD/universal/src/crosslingual_eval_alignment_task.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_honours","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"HONOURS","metamorphic_tier":"well_formed","behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"e1077563e3dd1369"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"924e22a39e1db010","entry":"run_ica","repo":"shimo-lab/universal-geometry-with-ica","repo_kind":"official","path":"geometry/src/ica.py","file_url":"https://github.com/shimo-lab/universal-geometry-with-ica/blob/HEAD/geometry/src/ica.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_fixture","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"RAISES","metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"924e22a39e1db010"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"5e74916e10fb9aa0","entry":"sampling_words","repo":"shimo-lab/universal-geometry-with-ica","repo_kind":"official","path":"geometry/src/ica.py","file_url":"https://github.com/shimo-lab/universal-geometry-with-ica/blob/HEAD/geometry/src/ica.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":"well_formed","behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"5e74916e10fb9aa0"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"31d5a6ce51be71a2","entry":"get_nn_avg_dist","repo":"shimo-lab/universal-geometry-with-ica","repo_kind":"official","path":"universal/src/crosslingual_eval_alignment_task.py","file_url":"https://github.com/shimo-lab/universal-geometry-with-ica/blob/HEAD/universal/src/crosslingual_eval_alignment_task.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"31d5a6ce51be71a2"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"be9e9afa9fafac60","entry":"get_word_translation_accuracy","repo":"shimo-lab/universal-geometry-with-ica","repo_kind":"official","path":"universal/src/crosslingual_eval_alignment_task.py","file_url":"https://github.com/shimo-lab/universal-geometry-with-ica/blob/HEAD/universal/src/crosslingual_eval_alignment_task.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"be9e9afa9fafac60"}}]},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}