{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/diffuse-x-ray-emission-around-an","title":"Diffuse X-ray emission around an ultraluminous X-ray pulsar","arxiv_id":"1910.11876","date":"2019-10-25","proceeding":null,"authors":["Andrea Belfiore","Paolo Esposito","Fabio Pintore","Giovanni Novara","Ruben Salvaterra","Andrea De Luca","Andrea Tiengo","Patrizia Caraveo","Felix Fuerst","Gian Luca Israel","Danilo Magistrali","Martino Marelli","Sandro Mereghetti","Alessandro Papitto","Guillermo Rodriguez Castillo","Chiara Salvaggio","Luigi Stella","Dominic Walton","Anna Wolter","Luca Zampieri"],"abstract":"Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are extragalactic X-ray emitters located off-center of their host galaxy and with a luminosity in excess of a few ${10^{39}\\text{ erg s}^{-1}}$, if emitted isotropically. The discovery of periodic modulation revealed that in some ULXs the accreting compact object is a neutron star, indicating luminosities substantially above their Eddington limit. The most extreme object in this respect is ${NGC 5907~ULX-1}$ (ULX1), with a peak luminosity that is 500 times its Eddington limit. During a Chandra observation to probe a low state of ULX1, we detected diffuse X-ray emission at the position of ULX1. Its diameter is $2.7 \\pm 1.0$ arcsec and contains 25 photons, none below 0.8 keV. We interpret this extended structure as an expanding nebula powered by the wind of ULX1. Its diameter of about ${200\\text{ pc}}$, characteristic energy of ${\\sim 1.9\\text{ keV}}$, and luminosity of ${\\sim 2\\times10^{38}\\text{ erg s}^{-1}}$ imply a mechanical power of ${1.3\\times10^{41}\\text{ erg s}^{-1}}$ and an age ${\\sim 7 \\times 10^{4}\\text{ yr}}$. This interpretation suggests that a genuinely super-Eddington regime can be sustained for time scales much longer than the spin-up time of the neutron star powering the system. As the mechanical power from a single ULX nebula can rival the injection rate of cosmic rays of an entire galaxy, ULX nebulae could be important cosmic ray accelerators.","url_abs":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.11876v1","url_pdf":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.11876v1.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"links_only","authors_date_abstract":"arXiv metadata, CC0 1.0 (https://info.arxiv.org/help/license), from the Kaggle arXiv metadata snapshot of 2026-09-12"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"diffuse-x-ray-emission-around-an","repo_url":"https://github.com/andrea-belfiore/MARX-plugins","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"none","reach":null}],"tasks":[],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"atlas_url":null,"mcp":null,"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers"},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}