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One can efficiently draw samples from the quantum circuits via\nprojective measurements on qubits. However, similar to the leading implicit\ngenerative models in deep learning, such as the generative adversarial\nnetworks, the quantum circuits cannot provide the likelihood of the generated\nsamples, which poses a challenge to the training. We devise an efficient\ngradient-based learning algorithm for the quantum circuit Born machine by\nminimizing the kerneled maximum mean discrepancy loss. We simulated generative\nmodeling of the Bars-and-Stripes dataset and Gaussian mixture distributions\nusing deep quantum circuits. Our experiments show the importance of circuit\ndepth and gradient-based optimization algorithm. The proposed learning\nalgorithm is runnable on near-term quantum device and can exhibit quantum\nadvantages for generative modeling.","url_abs":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1804.04168v1","url_pdf":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1804.04168v1.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"differentiable-learning-of-quantum-circuit","repo_url":"https://github.com/GiggleLiu/QuantumCircuitBornMachine","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"MIT"}},{"paper_slug":"differentiable-learning-of-quantum-circuit","repo_url":"https://github.com/UnofficialJuliaMirror/Yao.jl-5872b779-8223-5990-8dd0-5abbb0748c8c","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"NOASSERTION"}},{"paper_slug":"differentiable-learning-of-quantum-circuit","repo_url":"https://github.com/UnofficialJuliaMirrorSnapshots/Yao.jl-5872b779-8223-5990-8dd0-5abbb0748c8c","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"NOASSERTION"}},{"paper_slug":"differentiable-learning-of-quantum-circuit","repo_url":"https://github.com/egbQuantum/Born","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":{"status":"ok"}}],"tasks":[],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":"https://syntology.ai/paper/1804.04168","atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=1804.04168","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1804.04168"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-25T09:33:49+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. 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