{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/croissantllm-a-truly-bilingual-french-english","title":"CroissantLLM: A Truly Bilingual French-English Language Model","arxiv_id":"2402.00786","date":"2024-02-01","proceeding":null,"authors":["Manuel Faysse","Patrick Fernandes","Nuno M. Guerreiro","António Loison","Duarte M. Alves","Caio Corro","Nicolas Boizard","João Alves","Ricardo Rei","Pedro H. Martins","Antoni Bigata Casademunt","François Yvon","André F. T. Martins","Gautier Viaud","Céline Hudelot","Pierre Colombo"],"abstract":"We introduce CroissantLLM, a 1.3B language model pretrained on a set of 3T English and French tokens, to bring to the research and industrial community a high-performance, fully open-sourced bilingual model that runs swiftly on consumer-grade local hardware. To that end, we pioneer the approach of training an intrinsically bilingual model with a 1:1 English-to-French pretraining data ratio, a custom tokenizer, and bilingual finetuning datasets. We release the training dataset, notably containing a French split with manually curated, high-quality, and varied data sources. To assess performance outside of English, we craft a novel benchmark, FrenchBench, consisting of an array of classification and generation tasks, covering various orthogonal aspects of model performance in the French Language. Additionally, rooted in transparency and to foster further Large Language Model research, we release codebases, and dozens of checkpoints across various model sizes, training data distributions, and training steps, as well as fine-tuned Chat models, and strong translation models. We evaluate our model through the FMTI framework, and validate 81 % of the transparency criteria, far beyond the scores of even most open initiatives. This work enriches the NLP landscape, breaking away from previous English-centric work in order to strengthen our understanding of multilinguality in language models.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.00786v4","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.00786v4.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"croissantllm-a-truly-bilingual-french-english","repo_url":"https://github.com/manuelfay/llm-data-hub","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":{"status":"ok"}}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"language-modeling","task_name":"Language Modeling"},{"task_slug":"language-modelling","task_name":"Language Modelling"},{"task_slug":"large-language-model","task_name":"Large Language Model"},{"task_slug":"model","task_name":"model"}],"methods":[{"method_slug":"set","method_name":"SET"}],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":null,"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=2402.00786","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2402.00786"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-24T18:15:14+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. Samples come from repositories linked to the paper, official or community; repo_kind says which.","repos":[{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/manuelfay/llm-data-hub","reach":{"status":"ok"}}],"summary":{"ran":6,"unverified":2},"by_repo_kind":{"official":{"samples":8,"ran":6,"repositories":1}},"repo_kind_vocabulary":{"official":"The archive marks this repository official for the paper","named_in_paper":"The archive records that the paper mentions this repository; it is not marked official","listed":"In the archive's code links for this paper, not marked official and not recorded as mentioned in the paper","found_in_text":"Syntology found this repository in the paper's own text; whether it is the authors' implementation is not asserted","community":"Not in the archive's code links for this paper; a community repository Syntology harvested"},"n_pointer_only_for_licence":8,"samples":[{"code_sha256_prefix":"29b32f8469284009","entry":"check_uniques","repo":"manuelfay/llm-data-hub","repo_kind":"official","path":"dataset_preprocessing/deduplication/exact.py","file_url":"https://github.com/manuelfay/llm-data-hub/blob/HEAD/dataset_preprocessing/deduplication/exact.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"29b32f8469284009"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"8cfe374f41a6ed64","entry":"fit_tokenizer","repo":"manuelfay/llm-data-hub","repo_kind":"official","path":"dataset_construction/fit_tokenizer.py","file_url":"https://github.com/manuelfay/llm-data-hub/blob/HEAD/dataset_construction/fit_tokenizer.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"8cfe374f41a6ed64"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"4612d8439848677c","entry":"get_hash","repo":"manuelfay/llm-data-hub","repo_kind":"official","path":"dataset_preprocessing/deduplication/exact.py","file_url":"https://github.com/manuelfay/llm-data-hub/blob/HEAD/dataset_preprocessing/deduplication/exact.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"4612d8439848677c"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"01819f0ed34ec563","entry":"preprocess","repo":"manuelfay/llm-data-hub","repo_kind":"official","path":"dataset_preprocessing/deduplication/exact.py","file_url":"https://github.com/manuelfay/llm-data-hub/blob/HEAD/dataset_preprocessing/deduplication/exact.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"01819f0ed34ec563"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"a9f909c03d6f2e62","entry":"refit_tokenizer","repo":"manuelfay/llm-data-hub","repo_kind":"official","path":"dataset_construction/fit_tokenizer.py","file_url":"https://github.com/manuelfay/llm-data-hub/blob/HEAD/dataset_construction/fit_tokenizer.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"a9f909c03d6f2e62"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"fb527eca3ab4609d","entry":"test_set_conformity","repo":"manuelfay/llm-data-hub","repo_kind":"official","path":"dataset_construction/utils.py","file_url":"https://github.com/manuelfay/llm-data-hub/blob/HEAD/dataset_construction/utils.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"fb527eca3ab4609d"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"2acdc362a8126567","entry":"build_tokenizer","repo":"manuelfay/llm-data-hub","repo_kind":"official","path":"dataset_construction/fit_tokenizer.py","file_url":"https://github.com/manuelfay/llm-data-hub/blob/HEAD/dataset_construction/fit_tokenizer.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"2acdc362a8126567"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"fc81fa82cff76df8","entry":"create_dataset","repo":"manuelfay/llm-data-hub","repo_kind":"official","path":"dataset_collection/multilingual/unbabel-fr-en/load_data.py","file_url":"https://github.com/manuelfay/llm-data-hub/blob/HEAD/dataset_collection/multilingual/unbabel-fr-en/load_data.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"NONE","inline_ok":false,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"fc81fa82cff76df8"}}]},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}