{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/comparing-models-of-associative-meaning-an","title":"Comparing Models of Associative Meaning: An Empirical Investigation of Reference in Simple Language Games","arxiv_id":"1810.03717","date":"2018-10-08","proceeding":"CONLL 2018 10","authors":["Judy Hanwen Shen","Matthias Hofer","Bjarke Felbo","Roger Levy"],"abstract":"Simple reference games are of central theoretical and empirical importance in\nthe study of situated language use. Although language provides rich,\ncompositional truth-conditional semantics to facilitate reference, speakers and\nlisteners may sometimes lack the overall lexical and cognitive resources to\nguarantee successful reference through these means alone. However, language\nalso has rich associational structures that can serve as a further resource for\nachieving successful reference. Here we investigate this use of associational\ninformation in a setting where only associational information is available: a\nsimplified version of the popular game Codenames. Using optimal experiment\ndesign techniques, we compare a range of models varying in the type of\nassociative information deployed and in level of pragmatic sophistication\nagainst human behavior. In this setting, we find that listeners' behavior\nreflects direct bigram collocational associations more strongly than\nword-embedding or semantic knowledge graph-based associations and that there is\nlittle evidence for pragmatically sophisticated behavior by either speakers or\nlisteners of the type that might be predicted by recursive-reasoning models\nsuch as the Rational Speech Acts theory. These results shed light on the nature\nof the lexical resources that speakers and listeners can bring to bear in\nachieving reference through associative meaning alone.","url_abs":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1810.03717v1","url_pdf":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.03717v1.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"comparing-models-of-associative-meaning-an","repo_url":"https://github.com/heyyjudes/codenames-language-game","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":null}],"tasks":[],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":"https://syntology.ai/paper/1810.03717","atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=1810.03717","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1810.03717"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-25T09:33:49+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. 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