{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/benchmarking-data-heterogeneity-evaluation","title":"Benchmarking Data Heterogeneity Evaluation Approaches for Personalized Federated Learning","arxiv_id":"2410.07286","date":"2024-10-09","proceeding":null,"authors":["Zhilong Li","Xiaohu Wu","Xiaoli Tang","Tiantian He","Yew-Soon Ong","Mengmeng Chen","Qiqi Liu","Qicheng Lao","Han Yu"],"abstract":"There is growing research interest in measuring the statistical heterogeneity of clients' local datasets. Such measurements are used to estimate the suitability for collaborative training of personalized federated learning (PFL) models. Currently, these research endeavors are taking place in silos and there is a lack of a unified benchmark to provide a fair and convenient comparison among various approaches in common settings. We aim to bridge this important gap in this paper. The proposed benchmarking framework currently includes six representative approaches. Extensive experiments have been conducted to compare these approaches under five standard non-IID FL settings, providing much needed insights into which approaches are advantageous under which settings. The proposed framework offers useful guidance on the suitability of various data divergence measures in FL systems. It is beneficial for keeping related research activities on the right track in terms of: (1) designing PFL schemes, (2) selecting appropriate data heterogeneity evaluation approaches for specific FL application scenarios, and (3) addressing fairness issues in collaborative model training. The code is available at https://github.com/Xiaoni-61/DH-Benchmark.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.07286v2","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.07286v2.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"benchmarking-data-heterogeneity-evaluation","repo_url":"https://github.com/xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"MIT"}}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"benchmarking","task_name":"Benchmarking"},{"task_slug":"fairness","task_name":"Fairness"},{"task_slug":"federated-learning","task_name":"Federated Learning"},{"task_slug":"personalized-federated-learning","task_name":"Personalized Federated Learning"}],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=2410.07286","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2410.07286"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-24T18:15:14+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. Samples come from repositories linked to the paper, official or community; repo_kind says which.","repos":[{"provenance":"deterministic:regex_extraction","url":"https://github.com/Xiaoni-61/DH-Benchmark","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"MIT"}},{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"MIT"}}],"summary":{"ran":6,"ran_draft_wrong":2,"ran_fixture":2,"ran_honours":1,"unverified":3},"by_repo_kind":{"official":{"samples":14,"ran":11,"repositories":1}},"repo_kind_vocabulary":{"official":"The archive marks this repository official for the paper","named_in_paper":"The archive records that the paper mentions this repository; it is not marked official","listed":"In the archive's code links for this paper, not marked official and not recorded as mentioned in the paper","found_in_text":"Syntology found this repository in the paper's own text; whether it is the authors' implementation is not asserted","community":"Not in the archive's code links for this paper; a community repository Syntology harvested"},"n_pointer_only_for_licence":0,"samples":[{"code_sha256_prefix":"cceb199501484aee","entry":"Generate_competetive_graph","repo":"xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark","repo_kind":"official","path":"hyper_model/graph.py","file_url":"https://github.com/xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark/blob/HEAD/hyper_model/graph.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"cceb199501484aee"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"5ca9768128174d04","entry":"adjustments","repo":"xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark","repo_kind":"official","path":"hyper_model/solvers.py","file_url":"https://github.com/xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark/blob/HEAD/hyper_model/solvers.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"5ca9768128174d04"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"d9def42110729a85","entry":"conv1x1","repo":"xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark","repo_kind":"official","path":"resnetcifar.py","file_url":"https://github.com/xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark/blob/HEAD/resnetcifar.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"OUTPUT_MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":"deterministic","behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"d9def42110729a85"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"160bb14bd76201b4","entry":"conv3x3","repo":"xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark","repo_kind":"official","path":"resnetcifar.py","file_url":"https://github.com/xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark/blob/HEAD/resnetcifar.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"ran_draft_wrong","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"OUTPUT_MISDECLARED","metamorphic_tier":"deterministic","behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"160bb14bd76201b4"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"9becbb1bb6878d86","entry":"default_loader","repo":"xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark","repo_kind":"official","path":"datasets.py","file_url":"https://github.com/xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark/blob/HEAD/datasets.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"9becbb1bb6878d86"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"c2e96c42575a18a9","entry":"find_largest_k_indices_excluding_idx","repo":"Xiaoni-61/DH-Benchmark","repo_kind":"official","path":"experiments.py","file_url":"https://github.com/Xiaoni-61/DH-Benchmark/blob/HEAD/experiments.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_fixture","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"RAISES","metamorphic_tier":"well_formed","behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"c2e96c42575a18a9"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"ed118069349e1e11","entry":"generate_Sequence","repo":"xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark","repo_kind":"official","path":"hyper_model/graph.py","file_url":"https://github.com/xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark/blob/HEAD/hyper_model/graph.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"ed118069349e1e11"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"c99cd24f2f7337f8","entry":"local_train_net_and_aggregation_pmodel","repo":"Xiaoni-61/DH-Benchmark","repo_kind":"official","path":"experiments.py","file_url":"https://github.com/Xiaoni-61/DH-Benchmark/blob/HEAD/experiments.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran_fixture","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"RAISES","metamorphic_tier":"deterministic","behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"c99cd24f2f7337f8"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"ac62432dc5134b0d","entry":"make_layers","repo":"xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark","repo_kind":"official","path":"vggmodel.py","file_url":"https://github.com/xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark/blob/HEAD/vggmodel.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"ac62432dc5134b0d"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"ade238adfa4b78bb","entry":"mu","repo":"xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark","repo_kind":"official","path":"hyper_model/solvers.py","file_url":"https://github.com/xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark/blob/HEAD/hyper_model/solvers.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"ade238adfa4b78bb"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"f321f54723433661","entry":"pil_loader","repo":"xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark","repo_kind":"official","path":"datasets.py","file_url":"https://github.com/xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark/blob/HEAD/datasets.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"ran_honours","verification_level":1,"contract_check":"HONOURS","metamorphic_tier":"well_formed","behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"f321f54723433661"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"404fb2b2daa1ae78","entry":"accimage_loader","repo":"xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark","repo_kind":"official","path":"datasets.py","file_url":"https://github.com/xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark/blob/HEAD/datasets.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"404fb2b2daa1ae78"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"e63c00545b97f329","entry":"generate_coalition_group","repo":"xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark","repo_kind":"official","path":"hyper_model/graph.py","file_url":"https://github.com/xiaoni-61/dh-benchmark/blob/HEAD/hyper_model/graph.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"e63c00545b97f329"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"7f4ca28e55f304e3","entry":"init_nets","repo":"Xiaoni-61/DH-Benchmark","repo_kind":"official","path":"experiments.py","file_url":"https://github.com/Xiaoni-61/DH-Benchmark/blob/HEAD/experiments.py","link_basis":"first_harvest_node","language":"python","status":"unverified","verification_level":0,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"7f4ca28e55f304e3"}}]},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}