{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/assessing-delayed-treatment-benefits-of","title":"Assessing Delayed Treatment Benefits of Immunotherapy Using Long-Term Average Hazard: A Novel Test/Estimation Approach","arxiv_id":"2403.10742","date":"2024-03-16","proceeding":null,"authors":["Miki Horiguchi","Lu Tian","Kenneth L. Kehl","Hajime Uno"],"abstract":"Delayed treatment effects on time-to-event outcomes have often been observed in randomized controlled studies of cancer immunotherapies. In the case of delayed onset of treatment effect, the conventional test/estimation approach using the log-rank test for between-group comparison and Cox's hazard ratio to estimate the magnitude of treatment effect is not optimal, because the log-rank test is not the most powerful option, and the interpretation of the resulting hazard ratio is not obvious. Recently, alternative test/estimation approaches were proposed to address both the power issue and the interpretation problems of the conventional approach. One is a test/estimation approach based on long-term restricted mean survival time, and the other approach is based on average hazard with survival weight. This paper integrates these two ideas and proposes a novel test/estimation approach based on long-term average hazard (LT-AH) with survival weight. Numerical studies reveal specific scenarios where the proposed LT-AH method provides a higher power than the two alternative approaches. The proposed approach has test/estimation coherency and can provide robust estimates of the magnitude of treatment effect not dependent on study-specific censoring time distribution. Also, the proposed LT-AH approach can summarize the magnitude of the treatment effect in both absolute difference and relative terms using ``hazard'' (i.e., difference in LT-AH and ratio of LT-AH), meeting guideline recommendations and practical needs. This proposed approach can be a useful alternative to the traditional hazard-based test/estimation approach when delayed onset of survival benefit is expected.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.10742v1","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.10742v1.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"links_only","authors_date_abstract":"arXiv metadata, CC0 1.0 (https://info.arxiv.org/help/license), from the Kaggle arXiv metadata snapshot of 2026-09-12"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"assessing-delayed-treatment-benefits-of","repo_url":"https://github.com/uno1lab/survah","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"none","reach":null}],"tasks":[],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":null,"atlas_url":null,"mcp":null,"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers"},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}