{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/appearance-based-gaze-estimation-with-deep","title":"Appearance-based Gaze Estimation With Deep Learning: A Review and Benchmark","arxiv_id":"2104.12668","date":"2021-04-26","proceeding":null,"authors":["Yihua Cheng","Haofei Wang","Yiwei Bao","Feng Lu"],"abstract":"Human gaze provides valuable information on human focus and intentions, making it a crucial area of research. Recently, deep learning has revolutionized appearance-based gaze estimation. However, due to the unique features of gaze estimation research, such as the unfair comparison between 2D gaze positions and 3D gaze vectors and the different pre-processing and post-processing methods, there is a lack of a definitive guideline for developing deep learning-based gaze estimation algorithms. In this paper, we present a systematic review of the appearance-based gaze estimation methods using deep learning. Firstly, we survey the existing gaze estimation algorithms along the typical gaze estimation pipeline: deep feature extraction, deep learning model design, personal calibration and platforms. Secondly, to fairly compare the performance of different approaches, we summarize the data pre-processing and post-processing methods, including face/eye detection, data rectification, 2D/3D gaze conversion and gaze origin conversion. Finally, we set up a comprehensive benchmark for deep learning-based gaze estimation. We characterize all the public datasets and provide the source code of typical gaze estimation algorithms. This paper serves not only as a reference to develop deep learning-based gaze estimation methods, but also a guideline for future gaze estimation research. The project web page can be found at https://phi-ai.buaa.edu.cn/Gazehub.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.12668v2","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.12668v2.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"appearance-based-gaze-estimation-with-deep","repo_url":"https://github.com/yihuacheng/Dilated-Net","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":{"status":"ok"}},{"paper_slug":"appearance-based-gaze-estimation-with-deep","repo_url":"https://github.com/yihuacheng/Full-face","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":{"status":"ok"}},{"paper_slug":"appearance-based-gaze-estimation-with-deep","repo_url":"https://github.com/yihuacheng/Gaze-Net","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":{"status":"ok"}},{"paper_slug":"appearance-based-gaze-estimation-with-deep","repo_url":"https://github.com/yihuacheng/Gaze360","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":{"status":"ok"}},{"paper_slug":"appearance-based-gaze-estimation-with-deep","repo_url":"https://github.com/yihuacheng/Itracker","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":{"status":"ok"}},{"paper_slug":"appearance-based-gaze-estimation-with-deep","repo_url":"https://github.com/yihuacheng/Mnist","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":{"status":"ok"}},{"paper_slug":"appearance-based-gaze-estimation-with-deep","repo_url":"https://github.com/yihuacheng/RT-Gene","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":{"status":"ok"}}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"deep-learning","task_name":"Deep Learning"},{"task_slug":"gaze-estimation","task_name":"Gaze Estimation"}],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=2104.12668","mcp":null,"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers"},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}