{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/aocil-exemplar-free-analytic-online-class","title":"F-OAL: Forward-only Online Analytic Learning with Fast Training and Low Memory Footprint in Class Incremental Learning","arxiv_id":"2403.15751","date":"2024-03-23","proceeding":null,"authors":["Huiping Zhuang","Yuchen Liu","Run He","Kai Tong","Ziqian Zeng","Cen Chen","Yi Wang","Lap-Pui Chau"],"abstract":"Online Class Incremental Learning (OCIL) aims to train models incrementally, where data arrive in mini-batches, and previous data are not accessible. A major challenge in OCIL is Catastrophic Forgetting, i.e., the loss of previously learned knowledge. Among existing baselines, replay-based methods show competitive results but requires extra memory for storing exemplars, while exemplar-free (i.e., data need not be stored for replay in production) methods are resource-friendly but often lack accuracy. In this paper, we propose an exemplar-free approach--Forward-only Online Analytic Learning (F-OAL). Unlike traditional methods, F-OAL does not rely on back-propagation and is forward-only, significantly reducing memory usage and computational time. Cooperating with a pre-trained frozen encoder with Feature Fusion, F-OAL only needs to update a linear classifier by recursive least square. This approach simultaneously achieves high accuracy and low resource consumption. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate F-OAL's robust performance in OCIL scenarios. Code is available at https://github.com/liuyuchen-cz/F-OAL.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.15751v2","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.15751v2.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"aocil-exemplar-free-analytic-online-class","repo_url":"https://github.com/liuyuchen-cz/f-oal","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"pytorch","reach":{"status":"ok"}}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"class-incremental-learning","task_name":"Class Incremental Learning"},{"task_slug":"exemplar-free","task_name":"Exemplar-Free"},{"task_slug":"incremental-learning","task_name":"Incremental Learning"},{"task_slug":"class-incremental-learning-1","task_name":"class-incremental learning"}],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=2403.15751","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2403.15751"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-24T18:15:14+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. 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