{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/an-exploration-of-encoder-decoder-approaches","title":"An Exploration of Encoder-Decoder Approaches to Multi-Label Classification for Legal and Biomedical Text","arxiv_id":"2305.05627","date":"2023-05-09","proceeding":null,"authors":["Yova Kementchedjhieva","Ilias Chalkidis"],"abstract":"Standard methods for multi-label text classification largely rely on encoder-only pre-trained language models, whereas encoder-decoder models have proven more effective in other classification tasks. In this study, we compare four methods for multi-label classification, two based on an encoder only, and two based on an encoder-decoder. We carry out experiments on four datasets -two in the legal domain and two in the biomedical domain, each with two levels of label granularity- and always depart from the same pre-trained model, T5. Our results show that encoder-decoder methods outperform encoder-only methods, with a growing advantage on more complex datasets and labeling schemes of finer granularity. Using encoder-decoder models in a non-autoregressive fashion, in particular, yields the best performance overall, so we further study this approach through ablations to better understand its strengths.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.05627v1","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.05627v1.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"an-exploration-of-encoder-decoder-approaches","repo_url":"https://github.com/coastalcph/multi-label-classification-t5","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"pytorch","reach":null}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"classification-1","task_name":"Classification"},{"task_slug":"decoder","task_name":"Decoder"},{"task_slug":"multi-label-classification-2","task_name":"MUlTI-LABEL-ClASSIFICATION"},{"task_slug":"multi-label-text-classification-1","task_name":"Multi Label Text Classification"},{"task_slug":"multi-label-classification","task_name":"Multi-Label Classification"},{"task_slug":"multi-label-text-classification","task_name":"Multi-Label Text Classification"},{"task_slug":"text-classification","task_name":"Text Classification"},{"task_slug":"text-classification-1","task_name":"text-classification"}],"methods":[{"method_slug":"adafactor","method_name":"Adafactor"},{"method_slug":"attention","method_name":"Attention"},{"method_slug":"attention-dropout","method_name":"Attention Dropout"},{"method_slug":"bpe","method_name":"BPE"},{"method_slug":"dense-connections","method_name":"Dense Connections"},{"method_slug":"dropout","method_name":"Dropout"},{"method_slug":"glu","method_name":"Gated Linear Unit"},{"method_slug":"inverse-square-root-schedule","method_name":"Inverse Square Root Schedule"},{"method_slug":"layer-normalization","method_name":"Layer Normalization"},{"method_slug":"linear-layer","method_name":"Linear Layer"},{"method_slug":"multi-head-attention","method_name":"Multi-Head Attention"},{"method_slug":"residual-connection","method_name":"Residual Connection"},{"method_slug":"sentencepiece","method_name":"SentencePiece"},{"method_slug":"softmax","method_name":"Softmax"},{"method_slug":"t5","method_name":"T5"}],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=2305.05627","mcp":null,"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers"},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}