{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/aleatoric-and-epistemic-uncertainty-in","title":"Aleatoric and Epistemic Uncertainty in Machine Learning: An Introduction to Concepts and Methods","arxiv_id":"1910.09457","date":"2019-10-21","proceeding":null,"authors":["Eyke Hüllermeier","Willem Waegeman"],"abstract":"The notion of uncertainty is of major importance in machine learning and constitutes a key element of machine learning methodology. In line with the statistical tradition, uncertainty has long been perceived as almost synonymous with standard probability and probabilistic predictions. Yet, due to the steadily increasing relevance of machine learning for practical applications and related issues such as safety requirements, new problems and challenges have recently been identified by machine learning scholars, and these problems may call for new methodological developments. In particular, this includes the importance of distinguishing between (at least) two different types of uncertainty, often referred to as aleatoric and epistemic. In this paper, we provide an introduction to the topic of uncertainty in machine learning as well as an overview of attempts so far at handling uncertainty in general and formalizing this distinction in particular.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.09457v3","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.09457v3.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"abstracts"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"aleatoric-and-epistemic-uncertainty-in","repo_url":"https://github.com/tfmortie/uaml","is_official":0,"mentioned_in_paper":0,"mentioned_in_github":1,"framework":"none","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"MIT"}}],"tasks":[{"task_slug":"machine-learning","task_name":"BIG-bench Machine Learning"}],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":"https://syntology.ai/paper/1910.09457","atlas_url":"https://app.syntology.ai/?focus=1910.09457","mcp":{"get_harvested_code_for_paper":{"arxiv_id":"1910.09457"}},"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers","read_at":"2026-09-25T09:33:49+00:00","read_at_is":"when the build read Syntology's graph, not when any sample ran","claim":"Per-sample execution status on synthesized fixtures; not a correctness claim about the paper. Samples come from repositories linked to the paper, official or community; repo_kind says which.","repos":[{"provenance":"external:paperswithcode_snapshot_2025-07-28","url":"https://github.com/tfmortie/uaml","reach":{"status":"ok","spdx":"MIT"}}],"summary":{"ran":6},"by_repo_kind":{"listed":{"samples":6,"ran":6,"repositories":1}},"repo_kind_vocabulary":{"official":"The archive marks this repository official for the paper","named_in_paper":"The archive records that the paper mentions this repository; it is not marked official","listed":"In the archive's code links for this paper, not marked official and not recorded as mentioned in the paper","found_in_text":"Syntology found this repository in the paper's own text; whether it is the authors' implementation is not asserted","community":"Not in the archive's code links for this paper; a community repository Syntology harvested"},"n_pointer_only_for_licence":0,"samples":[{"code_sha256_prefix":"e08bbedac34edb66","entry":"calculate_uncertainty_jsd","repo":"tfmortie/uaml","repo_kind":"listed","path":"uaml/utils.py","file_url":"https://github.com/tfmortie/uaml/blob/HEAD/uaml/utils.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"e08bbedac34edb66"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"e8bb1fd9b5c4f5e2","entry":"entropy","repo":"tfmortie/uaml","repo_kind":"listed","path":"uaml/utils.py","file_url":"https://github.com/tfmortie/uaml/blob/HEAD/uaml/utils.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":true,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"e8bb1fd9b5c4f5e2"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"e274e4d018b72bba","entry":"fit","repo":"tfmortie/uaml","repo_kind":"listed","path":"uaml/process.py","file_url":"https://github.com/tfmortie/uaml/blob/HEAD/uaml/process.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"e274e4d018b72bba"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"f1d1ce190869433b","entry":"get_most_common_el","repo":"tfmortie/uaml","repo_kind":"listed","path":"uaml/utils.py","file_url":"https://github.com/tfmortie/uaml/blob/HEAD/uaml/utils.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"f1d1ce190869433b"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"fdcae1baf1b3b40f","entry":"predict","repo":"tfmortie/uaml","repo_kind":"listed","path":"uaml/process.py","file_url":"https://github.com/tfmortie/uaml/blob/HEAD/uaml/process.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"fdcae1baf1b3b40f"}},{"code_sha256_prefix":"83f9431e56382d12","entry":"predict_proba","repo":"tfmortie/uaml","repo_kind":"listed","path":"uaml/process.py","file_url":"https://github.com/tfmortie/uaml/blob/HEAD/uaml/process.py","link_basis":"harvester_set","language":"python","status":"ran","verification_level":1,"contract_check":null,"metamorphic_tier":null,"behaviour_fingerprint":false,"licence":"MIT","inline_ok":true,"mcp_get_code":{"code_sha256":"83f9431e56382d12"}}]},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}