{"about":{"site":"https://codewithpapers.app","non_affiliation":"Code with Papers and Syntology are not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by Papers with Code, Meta, or the pwc-archive mirror.","licence":"CC BY-SA 4.0","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","attribution":"https://codewithpapers.app/attribution","modified":"archive material modified by Syntology; see the attribution page"},"url":"/paper/a-generic-model-for-pandemics-in-networks-of","title":"A generic model for pandemics in networks of communities and the role of vaccination","arxiv_id":"2205.12434","date":"2022-05-25","proceeding":null,"authors":["Chris G. Antonopoulos","Mohammad H. Akram","Vasileios Basios","Anouchah Latifi"],"abstract":"The slogan \"nobody is safe until everybody is safe\" is a dictum to raise awareness that in an interconnected world, pandemics such as COVID-19, require a global approach. Motivated by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we model here the spread of a virus in interconnected communities and explore different vaccination scenarios, assuming that the efficacy of the vaccination wanes over time. We start with susceptible populations and consider a susceptible-vaccinated-infected-recovered model with unvaccinated (\"Bronze\"), moderately vaccinated (\"Silver\") and very well vaccinated (\"Gold\") communities, connected through different types of networks via a diffusive linear coupling for local spreading. We show that when considering interactions in \"Bronze\"-\"Gold\" and \"Bronze\"-\"Silver\" communities, the \"Bronze\" community is driving an increase in infections in the \"Silver\" and \"Gold\" communities. This shows a detrimental, unidirectional effect of non-vaccinated to vaccinated communities. Regarding the interactions between \"Gold\", \"Silver\" and \"Bronze\" communities in a network, we find that two factors play central role: the coupling strength in the dynamics and network density. When considering the spread of a virus in Barab\\'asi-Albert networks, infections in \"Silver\" and \"Gold\" communities are lower than in \"Bronze\" communities. We find that the \"Gold\" communities are the best in keeping their infection levels low. However, a small number of \"Bronze\" communities are enough to give rise to an increase in infections in moderately and well-vaccinated communities. When studying the spread of a virus in a dense Erd\\H{o}s-R\\'enyi, and sparse Watts-Strogatz and Barab\\'asi-Albert networks, the communities reach the disease-free state in the dense Erd\\H{o}s-R\\'enyi networks, but not in the sparse Watts-Strogatz and Barab\\'asi-Albert networks. However, we also find that if all these networks...","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.12434v1","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.12434v1.pdf","source":{"archive":"pwc-archive (Hugging Face), CC BY-SA 4.0","snapshot":"2025-07-28","licence_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode","row_kind":"links_only","authors_date_abstract":"arXiv metadata, CC0 1.0 (https://info.arxiv.org/help/license), from the Kaggle arXiv metadata snapshot of 2026-09-12"},"code_links":[{"paper_slug":"a-generic-model-for-pandemics-in-networks-of","repo_url":"https://github.com/alcamis/svir_net","is_official":1,"mentioned_in_paper":1,"mentioned_in_github":0,"framework":"none","reach":null}],"tasks":[],"methods":[],"datasets_introduced":[],"methods_introduced":[],"results":[],"syntology":{"syntology_url":null,"atlas_url":null,"mcp":null,"developers":"https://syntology.ai/developers"},"arxiv_metadata":null,"syntology_extracted_results":null}